If you live in one of the community property states—Alaska, Arizona, California, Idaho, Louisiana, Nevada, New Mexico, Texas, or Washington—a judge will divide your marital property down the middle, so that you and your spouse will each be entitled to 50% of the value of all jointly-owned property. Kunz, 79 P. MURDERER SPOUSE AND COMMUNITY PROPERTY IN ARIZONA; DAMAGES CAUSED BY A COMMUNITY PROPERTY VEHICLE IN ARIZONA;According to our research, the nine community property states are Arizona, California, Idaho, Louisiana, Nevada, New Mexico, Texas, Washington, and Wisconsin. Meister addressed the analysis a judge should apply when choosing the valuation date of a business in an Arizona divorce. ENFORCING A SURVIVOR BENEFIT ELECTION IN A PENSION IN ARIZONA; MURDERER SPOUSE AND COMMUNITY PROPERTY IN ARIZONA;. And some assets are both community and separate property. 497, 176 P. are killed by their male partners including husbands, ex-husbands, boyfriends and ex-boyfriends. Call Now (480)305-8300. Sarah Hartsfield was arrested in Chambers County after being indicted for murder in the death of her most recent husband, Joseph Hartsfield. Idaho. 3. Lindor is in pre-trial confinement, accused of. Specific rules are different from one community property state to another. There are nine states that are community property states—Arizona, California, Idaho, Louisiana, Nevada, New Mexico, Texas, Washington, and Wisconsin. On the morning of December 30, 1978, in Arapahoe County, Colorado, Robert Spangler lured his wife, Nancy, into the basement with the promise of a "surprise" and shot her. IThat’s because in community property states, most assets gained and debts incurred by one spouse during the marriage are owned or owed by the marital “community,” or both spouses. Generally, a putative spouse is treated as a legal spouse and is entitled to community property. 3 4. 9364 E Raintree Drive, Suite 107. The community property is liable for a spouse's debts incurred outside of this state during the. Wisconsin. Rptr. In the linked-to case Son argued that under Florida’s slayer statue his father’s 50% share of the couple’s residence was forfeited to his mother’s estate as of the date of her death. Community property. In a divorce, the community may be entitled to a community lien of $100,000. 1:14. The superior court deviated from Casalena’s calculation. In Arizona, when a spouse purchases real estate with their separate funds, it is considered their separate property. In Donn v. This is true, regardless of the spouses’ respective financial contributions. Losing up to 100% of the asset is a penalty for hiding assets in divorce. However, an Arizona judge may only consider those capital gains taxes if a sale of the home is. The murderer wants to collect life insurance money or an inheritance from the victim. Our Arizona community property attorneys have over 100 years of combined experience successfully representing clients in divorce cases in Arizona. 24, 2023, 8:16 AM PDT. Arizona is a community property state. Defining Arizona Community & Separate Property in a Business Context. A new CDC report sheds light on patterns in homicides of women. 1993) (wife left husband as a result of his extreme physical and mental abuse and sought equitable distribution of property; wife awarded 40 percent of equity in marital home, in a short-term marriage, when the wife contributed little financially to the accumulation of the community estate); Faram v. California law defines "separate property" as: all property owned by the person before marriage. According to Ezeh, a spouse who engages in drug abuse is a potential killer. Tillie Klimek. Self-immolation, suicide by fire, often as a form of protest. The Arizona rule — pronounced in a 1926 case and consistently followed – was that any amounts of money recovered for injuries to one spouse during the marriage are community property. The Coon Creek Property. The Long Answer. The Court then looked at the record for evidence of the intent of the wife and husband. (See Fla. Outcome for spouse murder defendants who pleaded not guilty and stood trial Of the 238 who pleaded not guilty, 63% were tried by a jury and the remaining 37% were tried by a judge. It is supposed to give separate property to the spouse who owns the separate property. Upon the death of one spouse, every asset that is community. uxoricide: 1 n the murder of a wife by her husband Type of: execution , murder , slaying unlawful premeditated killing of a human being by a human being n a husband who murders his wife Type of: hubby , husband , married man a married man; a woman's partner in marriage Peter Dassey. Born in Missouri in 1892, Lyda Southard is believed to have killed at least six people between 1915 and. Section 25-215, “Liability of community property and separate property for the community and separate debts,” states in pertinent part:. Under community property rules, property acquired by either spouse during a marriage is presumed to be equally owned by both spouses. The Arizona Court of Appeals in the case of Hutki v. Given this, is a spouse entitled to reimbursement for. , land, houses) Personal property (i. If you have questions about debts not included in a divorce decree in. Born in Poland in 1876, Tillie Klimek moved to the United States with her parents when she was a baby,. (Cal. If the math gets complicated and especially if refinancing took place and/or you need to conduct a tracing of separate property and community property money that went into the house, you will likely need a forensic accountant to help with that work. 2014) the Arizona Court of Appeals discussed whether payments from a disability insurance policy were community property, belonging equally to both spouses, or the separate property of the disabled spouse. However, suppose the parent or their spouse had children from another relationship. 1 5. Stephan M. The second method for recovering Medicaid costs paid is to place a lien on any real property owned by the person who received Medicaid coverage. Raul Hernandez Perez, 23, has been charged under the Uniform Code of Military Justice with murder and failure to follow a lawful order following the January 2021 death of Selena Roth, 25. Arizona is a community property state, which means, by statute all property acquired by husband and wife is presumed to be community property unless stipulated otherwise. Section 1408 (2016), state courts are authorized to divide military retirement as community property. Ct. Our family law firm has earned numerous awards such as US News and World Reports Best Arizona Family Law Firm, US News and World Report Best Divorce Attorneys, “Best of the Valley” by Arizona Foothills readers, and “Best Arizona Divorce Law Firms” by North Scottsdale Magazine. In a proceeding for dissolution of the marriage, or for legal separation, or in a proceeding for disposition of property following dissolution of the marriage by a court which previously lacked personal jurisdiction over the absent spouse or previously lacked jurisdiction to dispose of the property, the. Arizona’s divorce and family law statutes, which are contained in Title 25 of the Arizona Revised Statutes, generally describes community property as all property acquired by either spouse during the marriage except such property that is specifically defined by Arizona law as sole. The process of getting a divorce involves the division of assets and earnings between the married couple and includes determining community versus sole and separate property in Arizona. If one spouse receives an inheritance. The Court of Appeals reversed the ruling on community property and remanded for further proceedings. Gypsy Rose Blanchard was victimized by a mother who is thought to have had Munchhausen Syndrome by Proxy. Even if a spouse acquires a property in their name alone during the marriage, it will be considered community property. In fact, it is one of only nine in the United States. Business. Generally, a. The Spouse’s Share. A court will assign to each spouse their separate property but will divide the parties’ community property in Arizona. Call Now (480)305-8300. In Van Loan v. 9 6. Pfeffer held that a creditor might come after community assets but usually cannot come after the separate property of a spouse to pay a community debt. Armer, 463 P. Just before the end of her long shift, one of the nurses went to check on Seb. During the person's lifetime, the state places a lien on your house. Her husband has pleaded guilty to a charge of premeditated murder. The parties were married on February 15. Joint tenancy property, however, rests on no such assumption. The community property is liable for a spouse's debts incurred outside of this state during the marriage which would have been community debts if incurred in this state. This Act now gives married couples in Florida the option to create a “community property trust” (CPT) and imbue the trust. However, gifts and inheritances are separate property, not owned by both spouses. Community Property vs. C. In equitable division states, courts can take. For instance, California is a community property state, but spouses can agree to classify their property differently. enforcing a survivor benefit election in a pension in arizona; murderer spouse and community property in arizona; damages caused by a community. Disposition. MURDERER SPOUSE AND COMMUNITY PROPERTY IN ARIZONA; DAMAGES CAUSED BY A COMMUNITY PROPERTY. Retroactive Application of Interest on a Loan Between Spouses in Arizona. enforcing a survivor benefit election in a pension in arizona; murderer spouse and community property in arizona; damages caused by a community property vehicle in arizona; compensation for waste of community assets in arizona; using separate funds to buy joint property in arizona; transmuting separate property into. , bonds, mutual funds, stocks) Community property also includes debts shared between the spouses. 9 0. CONTACT MY AZ LAWYERS PROPERTY DIVISION ATTORNEY 480-833-8000In Arizona, there are two different types of property to consider when going through a divorce – community or marital property and sole and separate property. A3. Ariz. The community property is liable for a spouse's debts incurred outside of this state during the marriage which would have been community debts if incurred in this state. Arizona court generally treats it as community property to the. Part one states a spouse has a claim for breach of fiduciary duty against the other spouse, if the other spouse's conduct results in "impairment" in the spouse's "undivided one half interest. Address: 1745 E River Rd. Therefore, the wife should be liable for half of the community debt omitted in the divorce decree. Divorce) or a Petition for Legal Separation. A divorce can be complicated. A Maryland husband has been charged with murdering his wife, less than a week after he initially told police she walked out of their home and disappeared without a trace. GARDNER, Mass. April 1, 2006 -- It's always shocking when you hear of someone who has murdered their spouse. Code § 770 (2022). 5 16. First, you should know a spouse is free to use his or her separate money to buy real property for the couple. If you have questions about division of retirement accounts in an Arizona divorce case, you should seriously consider contacting the attorneys at Hildebrand Law, PC. The law considers community property to be jointly owned and equally shared, even if it was only acquired by one spouse. A Minnesota man has been charged with the murder of his wife 11 years after she was shot and killed in their home. She also explained that most people who commit murder-suicide are USA TODAY NETWORK. 477, 240 P. The Arizona Court of Appeals in the In re the Matter of Flowers case held that although a sole and separate home was turned into community property during the marriage, a trial court may have the authority to award 100% of that home to the spouse who originally owned it as sole and separate property if it is equitable to do so. In that case, the person’s spouse must execute a disclaimer deed to allow the person to continue to hold the real estate as their sole and separate property rather than as community property. Under Arizona law, a couple can, by their intent, transmute the character of separate property to community property. Generally, community property is property acquired while you were married, and separate property is property you acquired before marriage. Washington. " Later life intimate partner homicide suicide (IPHS) represents the most severe form of domestic partner abuse and usually results in at least two deaths. We can competently navigate Arizona Family Laws to find the best relief for you. This financial product allows you to establish a trust that you can change during your lifetime. In these cases, the primary reason for the homicide was to acquire some personal and tangible benefit. Arizona, California, Idaho, Louisiana, Nevada, New Mexico, Texas, Washington, and Wisconsin are community property states, as is Puerto Rico. Spouse=$7,500. Community Property. The Arizona trial court found that the business was Husband’s sole and separate property an d that the community had been fairly compensated for any increase in the equity of the home. Community property. 2d 818 (1970), the Arizona Supreme Court considered several quitclaim deeds a spouse signed. Wisconsin. the rents, issues, and profits (in other words, the money an asset makes) of any item of separate property. Some people have asked is separate property divided differently than community property in Arizona. Earnings of either spouse during a marriage are community property in Arizona. Edwards, 217 Ariz. In Arizona, each spouse is a co-owner of all property earned by the other spouse during marriage. Together, judges and juries acquitted 16% of the 238 spouse murder defendants and convicted 84% or 199 persons of killing their spouse. g. Wisconsin. SUBCHAPTER A. Determining Community Property: So, how is community versus separate property determined?In Arizona, if you are married and you die without a will, what your spouse gets depends in part on how the two of you owned your property -- as separate property or community property. As. App. When the house is sold, either before or after your death, the state can collect repayment from its share of the sale proceeds, as. Jimenez had to address the issue, among others, of whether an Arizona divorce court has the legal authority to join a third party in a divorce case for the purpose of allowing a spouse to bring a fraudulent conveyance claim in an Arizona. k. In the state of Arizona, your marriage is subject to “community property law,” which means any property acquired during the marriage is presumed to be community, or jointly held, property. Except as. Minority Discount Buisness Appraisal When Valuing a Company in an Arizona Divorce From Hildebrand Law, PC. Solution of this story is given below, Butler Gets Fired. Tangredi, 31, was found beaten and strangled to death in 1993, and McNamee, 20, was found murdered in the same manner the following year. For. Brendan’s father, Steven’s former brother-in-law. Spouses may also hold separate property, which they solely own and control. What is equitable depends in part on the kind and nature of the marital property being divided. 1070, Chapter 2021-183, which enacted the Florida Community Property Trust Act. Call us today at (480)305-8300 or reach out to us through our appointment scheduling form to schedule your personalized consultation and turn your Arizona community property case around today. If one spouse dies, the half of community property belonging to the deceased spouse goes to the surviving spouse unless indicated otherwise by a valid will. Acquired by gift, devise. A divorce decree in Arizona is intended to divide all community property between the spouses. Peoria AZ 85381 Phone (623) 561-8200 Map Phoenix 202 E Earll Dr, Ste 160 Phoenix, AZ 85012 Phone (602) 548-3400 Map Scottsdale 17470 N Pacesetter Way. S. Is a Spouse’s Separate Property Liable for Community Debts. S. It reviewed each to determine whether the. Wife appealed the decision to the Arizona Court of Appeals, contending the trial court undervalued the community’s interest in the two businesses; specifically asserting the trial court applied a minority share discount in contravention of Arizona law. It can also be converted to community property by gift. The Arizona Court of Appeals in the case of Bell-Kilbourn vs. R. The surviving spouse is legally entitled. You should contact Mr. In the case of real property owned by a husband and wife as community property with right of survivorship, the right of survivorship is extinguished as provided in § 14-2804 or on the recordation in the office of the recorder of the county or counties where the real property is located an affidavit entitled “affidavit terminating right of survivorship”. By filing Form 8379, the injured spouse may be able to get back his or her share of the joint refund. 3rd puzzle is about Spouse Gets Vengeance. Arizona Revised Statutes. M. Community property assets include: Earned income generated during the marriage; Items purchased by either spouse during the marriage; Retirement accounts that are created during marriage or the. This is a six frame story. Thereby, the $900 appreciation goes away. Call us today at (480)305-8300 or reach out to us through. Joint Tenancy. Gain. In the case of Helland vs. S. Clinton, New Jersey, U. 2d 1334 (1979), the Arizona Supreme Court discussed how Arizona courts should determine whether an increase in value to the separate property of one spouse is separate or community property. An estimated 25 percent of women will be victims of. The separate property of a spouse can be turned into community property in Arizona. The community property states are: Arizona. The Court of Appeals found it to be irrelevant whether the Husband did or did not have a claim for an equitable lien against the home. v. Because the state doesn’t view anyone related to you solely. Remembering our order of operations, we start inside the parenthetical and $100,000 divided by $500,000 is 0. 2d 1166 (Ariz. The Scottsdale, Arizona Community Property and Family Law Attorneys at Hildebrand Law, PC Discuss Separate Funds to Buy Joint Property in Arizona. In the Meister case, the court concluded both spouses had an ownership interest in a business. CHAPTER 3. R. Rowe addressed the issue of a community lien in a sole and separate business in a divorce in Arizona. S. Result: murderer doesn’t inherit the couple’s house; instead the house is deemed owned 50/50 by the murderer and the deceased spouse’s estate. One of Australia’s longest-running cold cases has ended with the conviction of former high school teacher Chris Dawson for the murder of his wife Lynette in 1982, so he could start a new life. Ms Coue has been charged with murder, two counts of assault occasioning bodily harm and going armed to cause fear. Ct. S. Lesly J. There are two types of property: separate property and community property. Arizona statutes define property acquired by gift, devise, or descent as separate. All property acquired by either husband or wife during the marriage is the community property of the husband and wife except for property that is: 1. But these nine states are the only. Authorities in Jamaica said a U. According to the Uniformed Services Former Spouses’ Protection Act, 10 U. in Arizona can become substantially more complicated when one of the spouses has a professional practice. The personal representative’s reliance on In re Estate of Griswold, 13 Ariz. 50, 601 P. 13 on Schofield Barracks. ”. Community property does not apply to anything owned by either spouse before the marriage, inheritance or gifts given to one spouse, or other assets the spouses have legally agreed to keep separate. However, an appellate court can review a decision that seems inequitable and reverse the trial judge’s. In Kentucky, spouses can create a "community property trust. So what that means is if the couple purchased shares, for example, that were worth $100 and on the death of the first spouse, they're worth $1,000, the new basis in the property will be $1,000. In most divorces, community property is sold unless both. Brian Walshe, 47, appeared in court Wednesday to be arraigned on charges of murder and illegally disinterring or moving a body. The second issue she raised was the lien awarded to Husband for their business. October 13, 2023. Types of Business Appraisals in an Arizona Divorce From Hildebrand Law, PC. R. That means that, after the divorce decree was entered, each spouse was the owner of 50% of. has over 26 years of Arizona family law experience and received awards from US News and World Report, Phoenix Magazine, Arizona Foothills. An increase in the value of that separate property during the marriage is also separate property. §§ 736. 3d 695 (App. Ross D. 2. There are some common misconceptions regarding what is considered community property in an Arizona marriage and how community property is divided in an Arizona divorce. In Arizona, spouses have significant inheritance rights and usually have a right to at least partial inheritance. Murder-suicide, a suicide committed immediately after one or more murders. However, the Court of Appeals noted that the judgment did not contain any language stating that it was intended to be a property. However, in community property states, creditors have certain recourses in specific situations as it relates to collecting on a deceased person’s debts. op. enforcing a survivor benefit election in a pension in arizona; murderer spouse and community property in arizona; damages caused by a community. When a couple marries the pre-marriage separate property of a spouse is not liable for the pre-marriage debts of the. When it comes to the disposition of property in Arizona legal separation, follows the same law as with divorce. Koepnick, 3 P. Rowe was faced with an appeal concerning the characterization of a business as Husband’s sole and separate. The spouse earning them must offer a reasonable method to. Although some news sites gave the victim’s name as Ashli Erhardt, her mother and court records (she had a couple minor traffic tickets. -Decedent’s share of community property to a spouse-All separate personal property to a spouse-1/2 of separate real property to a spouse-Balance of separate real property to siblings: Stepchildren do not receive a part of your intestate estate as per the succession plan of Texas. As Arizona is one of nine community property states in the United States, anything earned (or debt incurred) during the marriage is community property and, thus, subject to “equitable” distribution in a divorce. All property owned or acquired by a married person is considered to be community property unless the person can prove that it is separate property. App. and Kenneth Bianchi. Call us today at (480)305-8300 or reach out to us through. The state of Alaska allows couples to choose whether they would like to follow community property or common law when dividing their marital assets upon death or divorce. Each spouse may provide by will for the disposition of his or her community interest in the community real property. Community Property States. A judge in Arizona is required to fairly and equitably divide the parties’ property and debts in an Arizona divorce or legal separation. . Read this case where we recovered the benefits for an ex-spouse whose benefits were wrongfully denied. Nothing can be more satisfying than winning a personal injury case and receiving compensation for your losses from the incident. Attorneys, doctors, dentists, mental health. This community property rule continues in effect during a marriage even after separation, until a dissolution decree is entered. Under Section 40-3-12(A), all property “acquired during marriage by either husband or wife, or. This means that if a married Arizona resident acquires a membership interest in an LLC, Arizona law presumes that both spouses each own an undivided one half of the entire membership interest as community property. Courts determine which assets are part of the marital property and separate property, and distribute them either equally (in a community property state) or equitably (in an equitable distribution state) between the divorcing. In contrast,. By contrast, 10 states are community property states — Arizona, California, Idaho, New Mexico, Louisiana, Washington, Nevada, Texas,. A spouse wants out of a marriage, but doesn’t want to pay alimony or have others think badly of them. The total unsecured community obligations of the parties amounted to $52,054. The nine community property states are Arizona, California, Idaho, Louisiana, Nevada, New Mexico, Texas, Washington and Wisconsin. Let’s assume that you and your spouse purchased some property in Arizona back in 1970 as an investment. The court, coincidentally, also ordered the husband to. Rhoda Nathan, a 67-year-old New Jersey woman, was found beaten to death in her Blue Ash hotel room on Sept. FBI data from the mid-1970s to mid-1980s found that for every 100 husbands who killed their wives in the United States, about 75 women killed their. -when a gift is made to a third a party, the gift is deemed to have been made 1/2 by each spouse, even when only one spouse made the gift. 7 min. at 221, 946 P. The spouses have equal management, control and disposition rights over their community property and have equal power to bind the community. However, each spouse has an. As an example, suppose a couple gets divorced. In general, separate property or non-marital property is any property, real or personal, acquired before marriage, after divorce (or in some states by separation of the spouses before divorce), by gift or inheritance during the marriage, or during marriage with separate property funds. With some exceptions, property each spouse earns or acquires during the marriage is considered the community property of the couple. Definition. If you’re buying the home while you’re married, then your spouse will own 50% of the home. All property acquired by either husband or wife during the. Garrett, 683 P. Using the example above, let’s say Peter and Ruth lived in Washington, a community property state. 001. I am the spouse of the deceased and I am claiming the allowance in lieu of homestead ($18,000) exempt property ($7,000) and family allowance ($12,000). Community property is a family law term used to refer to all of the personal and real property that a couple acquires during their marriage, which legally belongs to both spouses. 26. Both husband and wife must sign a real estate contract for the community property to be obligated. (A discussion of the slayer doctrine in a more typical case can be found here. But real life isn’t a true crime show. This is the most straightforward of the four scenarios. Three characters and three scenes are included. In the 11 Asian, Murder in Families 3 Note: See table 1 notes for definitions of the family relationships. 16, 1931, according to newspaper accounts, Judd went to her friends' Phoenix duplex where an argument apparently erupted over Halloran. §§ 14-2401 through 14-2405) There is no surviving spouse and I am the dependent or minor child of the person who died. Autocide, suicide by automobile collision. Intimate partner violence constitutes a majority of dementia-related murder cases. In the state of Arizona, all assets acquired during the marriage, by either spouse, are presumed to be community property. Louisiana. Only community property owned before the death of the spouse will be treated so to determine the murderer spouse’s share in the community property[ii]. 14-2803. Selena Roth, an Army veteran, was found dead on Jan. In a divorce, the separate property belongs to the spouse holding title, while community property belongs to both spouses. e. Survivor elections and reduction of a spouse's share of military retirement in an Arizona divorce are not unusual to occur well after a divorce. Investigators made a full match to Bittrolff after obtaining a plastic cup from his trash, the Associated Press reported. November 3, 2022 Understanding Community Property Laws in AZ Divorce and Family Law Though the divorce rate in the United States is declining, 40-50% of marriages still. Detective arrests Murderer. Since 1995 Arizona has permitted married couples the best. Bobrow, 241 Ariz. 702, 705-06 (Bankr. That. That means a soon-to-be former spouse is probably entitled to a share of your retirement. Other communal property states will equally divide only the components. Slayer rules, also known as slayer statutes, keep anyone from benefiting from your life insurance policy if they’re even suspected of murdering or plotting to murder you. S. Since the community expired when the wife died, it was not possible to hold the husband liable. S. Nevada. C. A spouse claiming otherwise must offer clear and convincing evidence in support. TITLE 2. Community property laws are an important consideration for married couples who reside in Arizona, California, Idaho, Louisiana, Nevada, New Mexico, Texas, Washington, and Wisconsin—where community property is an assumption. D. 2017). Cockrill, 124 Ariz. Susan was convicted of murder and sentenced to 25 years in prison. are Arizona, California, Idaho, Louisiana, Nevada, New Mexico, Texas, Washington, and Wisconsin. Shakespeare Testament. Further, any income made from a spouse. Marital property is something a couple buys during their marriage. A divorce is not awarded to either spouse; rather, it simply changes the status of. E. The court will apportion the community property interest in retirement accounts between the spouses and will award each spouse his or her. Legally married persons can take title to the property as community property per A. Of the 283 black-on-black spouse killings, 53% of the assailants were husbands, compared to 62% of the 218 white-on-white spouse killings. GENERAL RULES FOR SEPARATE AND COMMUNITY PROPERTY. A Court Cannot Simply Divide Community Property Based on a Percentage of Each Spouse’s Contributions of Separate Property. In that case, the children’s share of the estate will be half of the separate property and half of the community property. However, the law says that if the property is taken and held as community property or in joint tenancy, the spouse investing separate funds loses all. The spouses, who have an undivided one-half interest in the community property, would share the $25,000 equally ($25,000/2 = $12,500 for each. AZ BK #0018883; Licensed by the Department of Financial Protection and Innovation under the California Residential Mortgage Lending Act; MA Mortgage Lender License #MC3274; MA Mortgage Broker License. Scottsdale, Arizona 85260. The first is the “present cash value method”. Family Code Section 914; Credit Bureau v. In these states, all property of a married person is considered as either community property (owned jointly by both spouses) or the separate property of one. Arizona law recognizes that spouses can transmute separate property into community property by commingling community money with sole and separate money. Under this system, all property including real property, income, and any other earnings acquired during a marriage are deemed to be equally owned by each of the spouses. Community property is joint ownership of all assets purchased during a marriage, no matter which spouse purchased them.